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Important:OpenGL was deprecated in macOS 10.14. To create high-performance code on GPUs, use the Metal framework instead. See Metal.

OpenGL is a pixel-based API so the NSOpenGLView class does not provide high-resolution surfaces by default. Because adding more pixels to renderbuffers has performance implications, you must explicitly opt in to support high-resolution screens. It’s easy to enable high-resolution backing for an OpenGL view. When you do, you’ll want to perform a few additional tasks to ensure the best possible high-resolution experience for your users.

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Enable High-Resolution Backing for an OpenGL View

You can opt in to high resolution by calling the method setWantsBestResolutionOpenGLSurface: when you initialize the view, and supplying YES as an argument:

If you don’t opt in, the system magnifies the rendered results.

The wantsBestResolutionOpenGLSurface property is relevant only for views to which an NSOpenGLContext object is bound. Its value does not affect the behavior of other views. For compatibility, wantsBestResolutionOpenGLSurface defaults to NO, providing a 1-pixel-per-point framebuffer regardless of the backing scale factor for the display the view occupies. Setting this property to YES for a given view causes AppKit to allocate a higher-resolution framebuffer when appropriate for the backing scale factor and target display.

To function correctly with wantsBestResolutionOpenGLSurface set to YES, a view must perform correct conversions between view units (points) and pixel units as needed. For example, the common practice of passing the width and height of [self bounds] to glViewport() will yield incorrect results at high resolution, because the parameters passed to the glViewport() function must be in pixels. As a result, you’ll get only partial instead of complete coverage of the render surface. Instead, use the backing store bounds:

You can also opt in to high resolution by enabling the Supports Hi-Res Backing setting for the OpenGL view in Xcode, as shown in Figure 3-1.

Set Up the Viewport to Support High Resolution

The viewport dimensions are in pixels relative to the OpenGL surface. Pass the width and height to glViewPort and use 0,0 for the x and y offsets. Listing 3-1 shows how to get the view dimensions in pixels and take the backing store size into account.

Listing 3-1 Setting up the viewport for drawing

You don’t need to perform rendering in pixels, but you do need to be aware of the coordinate system you want to render in. For example, if you want to render in points, this code will work:

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Adjust Model and Texture Assets

If you opt in to high-resolution drawing, you also need to adjust the model and texture assets of your app. For example, when running on a high-resolution display, you might want to choose larger models and more detailed textures to take advantage of the increased number of pixels. Conversely, on a standard-resolution display, you can continue to use smaller models and textures.

If you create and cache textures when you initialize your app, you might want to consider a strategy that accommodates changing the texture based on the resolution of the display.

Check for Calls Defined in Pixel Dimensions

These functions use pixel dimensions:

glViewport (GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
glScissor (GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
glReadPixels (GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, ..)
glLineWidth (GLfloat width)
glRenderbufferStorage (.., GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
glTexImage2D (.., GLsizei width, GLsizei height, ..)

Tune OpenGL Performance for High Resolution

Performance is an important factor when determining whether to support high-resolution content. The quadrupling of pixels that occurs when you opt in to high resolution requires more work by the fragment processor. If your app performs many per-fragment calculations, the increase in pixels might reduce its frame rate. If your app runs significantly slower at high resolution, consider the following options:

Optimize fragment shader performance. (See Tuning Your OpenGL Application.)
Choose a simpler algorithm to implement in your fragment shader. This reduces the quality of each individual pixel to allow for rendering the overall image at a higher resolution.
Use a fractional scale factor between 1.0 and 2.0. A scale factor of 1.5 provides better quality than a scale factor of 1.0, but it needs to fill fewer pixels than an image scaled to 2.0.
Multisampling antialiasing can be costly with marginal benefit at high resolution. If you are using it, you might want to reconsider.

The best solution depends on the needs of your OpenGL app; you should test more than one of these options and choose the approach that provides the best balance between performance and image quality.

Use a Layer-Backed View to Overlay Text on OpenGL Content

When you draw standard controls and Cocoa text to a layer-backed view, the system handles scaling the contents of that layer for you. You need to perform only a few steps to set and use the layer. Compare the controls and text in standard and high resolutions, as shown in Figure 3-2. The text looks the same on both without any additional work on your part.

Set the wantsLayer property of your NSOpenGLView subclass to YES.
Enabling the wantsLayer property of an NSOpenGLView object activates layer-backed rendering of the OpenGL view. Drawing a layer-backed OpenGL view proceeds mostly normally through the view’s drawRect: method. The layer-backed rendering mode uses its own NSOpenGLContext object, which is distinct from the NSOpenGLContext that the view uses for drawing in non-layer-backed mode.
AppKit automatically creates this context and assigns it to the view by invoking the setOpenGLContext: method. The view’s openGLContext accessor will return the layer-backed OpenGL context (rather than the non-layer-backed context) while the view is operating in layer-backed mode.
Create the layer content either as a XIB file or programmatically.
The controls shown in Figure 3-2 were created in a XIB file by subclassing NSBox and using static text with a variety of standard controls. Using this approach allows the N

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